Dual-Energy theory predicts a much older universe than the around 13.8 billion years predicted by the current standard Lambda-CDM. It relates to an extended cosmic time period leading up to the formation of first galaxies. The prediction has recently been confirmed by clear observational evidence for which no other realistic explanation exists. As reported by Federico Lelli et al. in 2-2021 [1], a regularly rotating disk galaxy, ALESS 073.1, has been observed at a redshift which according to the current standard model suggests an observation from when the universe was only 1.2 billion years old. Its observed structural maturity is unpredicted and cannot be explained with existing models of galaxy formation within a cosmic time frame of 1.2 billion years after the big bang. Dynamic processes that are characteristic for disc galaxies are exceedingly time consuming. According to a 2018 study just one complete rotation was found to take right around 1 billion years with a surprising uniformity across the sample [2]. The evolution of ALESS 073.1 must have gone through a vastly extended time period of more chaotic movement before settling into a regularly rotating galaxy. A time period of only 1.2 billion years for this process is unrealistic. The observation provides clear evidence for the prediction of Dual-Energy theory for an older age of the universe.
Generally, a signature for the older age of the universe may be detected from the observation and analysis of the following elements and/or a combination of these: i) Luminosity distance to redshift relationship of high redshift objects, ii) astrophysical age determination of objects observed at any redshift, iii) modeling of time requirement for evolution from smooth energy distribution in CMB to first observable galaxies. As reported here, clear observational evidence is now available for iii) with the regularly rotating galaxy ALESS 073.1. Signatures for ii) have been observed for many years, they just have not been interpreted in this way. Astrophysical considerations have long pointed to the presence of stars older than 13.8 billion years. However, the high level of confidence in the current model of expansion has put modeling assumptions into focus that allow for the possibility of a younger age for these stars. An assessment of the age of nearby star HD 140283 by Bond et al. resulted in 14.46 billion years with an uncertainty of ± 0.8 billion years [6].
Remark: This is an excerpt from my paper Ralph B. Hill (3-19-2021) New Observational Evidence Confirms Prediction from Dual-Energy Theory of Older Age of the Universe, Disproof of Lambda-CDM Model which addresses the wider context of the current crisis in cosmology and explains why the current kinetic model of expansion as formulated in the Friedmann equations is invalid.
References
[1] Federico Lelli et al., (12-2-2021) A massive stellar bulge in a regularly rotating galaxy 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang, Science Vol.371, Issue 6530, pp. 713-716, DOI: 10.1126/science.abc1893.
[2] Gerhardt R. Meurer et al. (3-2018) Cosmic clocks: A Tight Radius – Velocity Relationship for HI-Selected Galaxies, The Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 14th, 2018.
[6] Howard E. Bond, Edmund P. Nelan, Don A. VandenBerg, Gail H. Schaefer, Dianne Harmer, (2013) HD 140283: A STAR IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD THAT FORMED SHORTLY AFTER THE BIG BANG, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 765, Number 1, DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L12.