Key findings

• New Dual-Energy physics define a new Dual-Energy Cosmological Model (DEC). It sweepingly solves an unprecedented range of the most fundamental problems in cosmology and demonstrates a fundamental flaw in the current Lambda-CDM Model.
• Our universe consists of both the familiar positive forms of energy and negative energy in the vacuum of space.
• The expansion of the universe is driven by repulsive gravitational forces between positive masses in galaxies/clusters and voids dominated by negative mass-energy in space.
• Effective negative energy in space replaces ‘dark energy’ hypothesis, which signified an incomplete fundamental understanding of energy.
• Our universe of positive mass-energy emerged from zero energy in a ‘not quite so big’ bang along with corresponding negative energy in space.
• The projected ‘dark matter’ is partially or fully an artefact of the current single-energy model.
• The universe is expected to be significantly older than the approx. 13.8 bn years assumed under the current model.
• The current standard model of cosmology (Lambda-CDM) including its highly influential ‘kinetic’ model of expansion (Friedmann equations) is found to be invalid. Research in cosmology is profoundly affected.
• ‘Dark energy’ mystery and quantitative inconsistencies in determining Hubble parameters have only been a ‘tip of the iceberg’. The ‘crisis in cosmology’ has been a crisis of methodology and incomplete fundamental physics.
• The fundamental principle of a positive-negative symmetry of energy follows from both abundant cosmological evidence and proof for a negative energy source in gravity.
• In gravitational acceleration the energy is generated at the expense of a corresponding increase of negative energy in space. The modeling of fundamental energy requires the consideration of a cosmological reference frame beyond current application of general relativity.
• New theory of energy is expected to impact fundamental physics beyond cosmology.